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Jewish Kalam was an early-medieval style of Jewish philosophy that evolved in response to the Islamic Kalam, which in turn was a reaction against Aristotelian philosophy. The term "Jewish Kalam" is used by modern historians, but is not a term by which Jewish Kalamic thinkers designated themselves. In all likelihood, they were simply known as ''Mutakallimūn'' (Kalamists), as they are referred to by Maimonides (called Rambam by Jewish scholars) and other Jewish writers. The best known practitioner of Jewish Kalam was Saadia Gaon, and Jewish Kalam represented the philosophical battlefield upon which Saadia attacked his Karaitic opponents. Rambam in ''The Guide'' frequently references and disputes positions of the Mutakallimūn — the Kalam practitioners — both Jewish and Islamic, and in general conveys an opinion of Kalam thought which is highly uncomplimentary. Judah Halevi also makes reference to Jewish followers of the Kalam, but mentions only the Karaites . ==Basic principles of Jewish Kalam== Some of the basic principles of the Jewish Kalam are as follow . See also Rambam's characterization of the principles below. * Observation of the natural world reveals the existence of a Creator * The world/universe must have been created ''ex nihilo'' rather than from preexisting matter * The Creator is absolutely different from anything in the created world * The Creator is a perfect unity, with no division * Human moral criteria can be applied to God. To say God is "wise" or God is "good" is to apply those terms ''meaningfully'', and their meaning is related to the mundane meaning of those terms (cf. Rambam) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Jewish Kalam」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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